The inclusion criteria for this study was a diagnosis of PI irrespective of the use of hypnotics. From the items that remained, the list was further shortened to cover both qualitative and quantitative sleep parameters in a short scale.Īfter the RIS was constructed, the psychometric properties were investigated in two separate samples of patients with PI, one sample was used for the normative data, and the second group were tested pre and post cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT-i Cronlein et al., 2013). Items that did not discriminate between PI patients and the other two groups were excluded. The RIS was originally designed in Germany, where sleep experts compiled a list of typical complaints of psychophysiological insomnia (PI) patients, with emphasis put on the exact wording – such as “I wake up from the slightest sound.” To identify the items that were specific to PI, the list was given to patients with sleep apnoea (N=33), PI (N=36) and healthy controls (N=29 Cronlein et al., 2013). Hypnotics and Poor Daytime Functioning Psychometric Properties It also measures four factors of sleep:ġ. The RIS was developed as a short scale that covers both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of sleep. There have been several tools developed for the assessment of insomnia, however many do not target the psychological symptoms of insomnia or are too specific for routine clinical screening, as they measure only certain symptoms of insomnia such as pre-sleep worrying or one’s arousal state before sleep. The sleep difficulties described above occur despite ample opportunity and circumstances for sleep, the symptoms are present for at least 1 month, and there is evidence of conditioned sleep difficulty and/or heightened arousal in bed (Perlis, and Gehrman, 2013). The specific criteria include difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, waking up too early, or sleep that is non-restorative or of poor quality. Psychophysiological insomnia is a form of primary insomnia and is defined by International Classifications of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2) as a state of “heightened arousal and learned sleep preventing associations that result in a complaint of insomnia and associated decreased functioning during wakefulness.” The scale has been validated in an adult population. The Regensburg Insomnia Rating Scale (RIS) is a 10-item rating scale to assess the cognitive, behavioural, and emotional aspects of psychophysiological insomnia (PI Crönlein et al., 2013).
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